International archivos

Why the energy transition moves at different speeds across countries

International

What drives varying energy transition rates among nations?

Miles Spencer

The shift from fossil fuels to low-carbon energy systems is neither uniform nor inevitable. Countries progress at different rates because the transition depends on a complex mix of economics, institutions,…

What central banks can do when shocks come from outside

International

External shocks: central bank interventions explained

Sophie Caldwell

External shocks—from commodity price surges, wars, and pandemics to foreign monetary tightening and abrupt capital flow reversals—create swift and varied challenges for central banks. The suitable reaction hinges on the…

What sovereign debt restructuring is and why it takes so long

International

Explaining sovereign debt restructuring and its extended timeline

Sophie Caldwell

Sovereign debt restructuring is the negotiated or judicially mediated modification of the terms of a country’s external or domestic public debt when the original terms become unsustainable. Restructuring typically changes…

International

The Forces Behind Increasing Global Disparity

Sophie Caldwell

Global inequality—both between countries and within them—has been shaped by a complex mix of economic, technological, political and environmental forces over the past four decades. Some trends reduced differences across…

What trends are driving cross-border e-commerce and global market entry?

International

Why is Global Inequality Increasing?

Sophie Caldwell

Global inequality—both across nations and within their borders—has evolved through a tangled interplay of economic, technological, political and environmental forces over the past forty years, with some dynamics narrowing gaps…